Shall not the judge of all the earth do right?
I think that Abraham is here not only saying that whatever God does, as the judge of all the earth, will be right, but also, from the context, something even more specific: He’s assuming that both he and God are on the same page about what the right thing is, and that the right thing is to not destroy the righteous with the wicked. The Bible is replete with statements and examples of God’s righteousness and mercy and grace and goodness, and the ways in which he makes his character known. So while we will not understand everything that God does, he reveals to us enough of his character that we can form distinctions between good and evil, and between righteousness and unrighteousness.
So when Paul talks about vessels of honor and dishonor, it is very much right that God has sovereignty to save and harden whom he will. But we do not have the liberty to speculate about who that will be. And to assume that someone’s suffering is because they are a vessel of dishonor and just assume that what will be, will be, is not the Christian gospel. Because Jesus came to bring life and liberty.
This is why we don’t get to use God’s soverignty as an excuse for laziness in addressing the ills of the world. This is what gives us liberty to speak out in the name of justice. God told us to go to every nation making disciples and baptizing them in the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit. He told us to be his hands and feet. He told us that we would do greater works than the ones that he performed while he was on the earth. He wept with those who wept. He ate with tax collectors and sinners. He was the greatest servant of all, and he bore our sins and became sin for us when he died on the cross so that we could live in Him. He made us fellow heirs, irrespective of class, gender, or ethnicity. The things that he calls us to in obedience to his created order are for our protection, and not for our exploitation.
When Jesus told the blind man his affliction was for God’s glory, he proceeded to heal him. God repeatedly calls himself the protector of the orphan and widow, and the father to the fatherless.